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Home / America Past and Present Ap Edition Chapter 18

America Past and Present Ap Edition Chapter 18

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  • SaradineNazaire

  • KerrieHendersonDunn

  1. 1. The Age of the City Chapter 18
  2. 2. •To succeed in life you need two things: ignorance and confidence •Go to Heaven for the climate, Hell for the company. •The fear of death follows from the fear of life. A man who lives fully is prepared to die at any time. •Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter. •Get your facts first, then you can distort them as you please •The lack of money is the root of all evil •Mark Twain-isms All that glisters is not gold; Often have you heard that told: Many a man his life hath sold But my outside to behold: Gilded tombs do worms enfold. Had you been as wise as bold, Young in limbs, in judgement old Your answer had not been inscroll'd Fare you well, your suit is cold. William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice
  3. 3. CTQs for Ch. 18 1.Identify and analyze the factors that changed the American city in the second half of the nineteenth century. 2.What key changes did urbanization bring to America? In what ways was America becoming a consumer and leisure society? 3.Analyze the primary causes of the population shift from the rural to an urban environment in the United States between 1875 and 1925.
  4. 4. The Age of the City• New Urban Growth • Rapid changes post Civil War • Urban population increased 7x in 50 years • ex. Seattle grew over 21000% • By 1920 majority of pop. was urban • Immigration (10+ mill) and migration due to urban job growth and transportation advances (RR's in North and West) • American's in the 19c. were the most mobile pop. in history. • Great Migration (A. Amer moved to northern cities) • Most work for black americans was service based (women's work) • Immigrant population shifts to poorer eastern Europeans. !
  5. 5. 1870 and 1910 Labor Changes
  6. 6. !
  7. 7. Immigration from Europe 1st Wave "Old" 1840s-1880s: Western and Northern Europeans (German, English and Irish Immigrants 2nd Wave "New" 1890s-1920s: Southern and Eastern Europeans (Italian, Jewish, Catholic, and Polish immigrants From 1820-1924 approximately 35 million people immigrated to America !
  8. 8. Ellis Island Immigration Station: New York 1892-1954 Major Immigration Entry Point
  9. 9. ! Ellis Island Immigration Station: New York 1892-1954 Major Immigration Entry Point ! !
  10. 10. Ellis Island nMedical Inspections: q"Six-second exam" nLegal Interviews q29 Questions: What is your name? Age? Prior occupation? n20% failed one of these qHospital qFurther interviews n2% Deported (about 250,000 total) nIt is estimated that over 40% of all citizens can trace their ancestry to those who came through Ellis Island.
  11. 11. Mental Testing n According to a 1917 U.S. Public Health Service manual, 9 out of 100 immigrants were marked with an "X" during the line inspection. n Immigrants had to work out simple arithmetic problems, or count backward from 20 to 1, or complete a puzzle. n Out of the 9 immigrants held for this "weeding out" session, perhaps 1 or 2 would be detained for a secondary session of more extensive testing. n Can you draw a diamond? Immigrants were asked to replicate a shape to test dexterity and spatial analysis. n What is Your Name?: Andrjuljawierjus, Grzyszczyszn, Koutsoghianopoulos, and Zemiszkicivicz are a few of the names that Ellis Island inspectors had to decipher from handwritten manifests. n Literacy Test: Anti-immigration forces succeeded with the Immigration Act of 1917. This law required all immigrants, 16 years or older to read a 40-word passage in their native language.
  12. 12. Beyond Ellis Island: nMany immigrants settle in cities: New York, Chicago, Boston n1870—25% of Americans live in cities n1920—50% of Americans live in cities nImmigrants settle near others from their home country qDevelopment of ethnic ghettoes n Tenements: were fast, cheap housing built for urban poor. Viewed initially as a positive solution n Settlement Houses: provided services, such as child care and classes
  13. 13. Impact of Immigrant population • The Ethnic City • Rapid growth of cities was largely attributed to immigration • By 1890 over 80% of NY, Chicago, Detroit and Milwaukee's populations were due to recent immigration • Most immigrants were from rural areas - so to adapt, they formed ethnic communities or "ghettoes" • Assimilation • Ethnic ghettoes while supporting the newly arrived immigrant could also be made to hurt their economic progress • Assimilation encouraged through public schools. Schools were used to "Americanize" immigrant youth
  14. 14. Education- Illiteracy in the US
  15. 15. Impact of Immigrant population • Native population grew concerned over rapid changes brought on by immigrants • Rise in xenophobia and nativism in North/KKK in South • Resented immigrant willingness to accept lower wages • However, older immigrants were also more than likely to own the businesses that pro_ited from lower wage labor. • American Protective Association founded in 1887 by Henry Bowers • Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 - _irst Congressional restriction of speci_ic ethnic group • Immigration Restriction League, 1894 • "Desirable" vs. "Undesirable" ; 50 cent taxes; banned criminals and mentally incompetent
  16. 16. • Angel Island in San Francisco, CA • Arrived very different from European customs • Language, dress, religion, culture. • Settled in Chinatowns in order to survive transition • Highly prejudiced against • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
  17. 17. !
  18. 18. Spoiling the Broth
  19. 19. Urban Problems 1. Housing - tenement houses - were multifamily dwellings often in unsanitary conditions "Five-Cent-A-Spot" housing which was a cheap rent a room. Usually no bigger than a 5x5 or 6x6 square foot room for four to six people. 2. Transportation - mass transit systems were developed to help cope with population growth 3. Water - safe and clean water was an issue in most cities
  20. 20. Estate of Cornelius Vanderbilt II
  21. 21. Estate of Cornelius Vanderbilt II
  22. 22. Estate of William Vanderbilt
  23. 23. Estate of Charles M. Schwab
  24. 24. Estate of John Jacob Astor
  25. 25. Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives, 1890
  26. 26. Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives, 1890
  27. 27. Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives, 1890 Children sleeping on Mulberry Street
  28. 28. Urban Problems 4. Sanitation - problems with horse manure and human waste _lowing onto the streets. Factories burned toxic chemicals and trash was often dumped onto streets. 5. Crime - lack of police presence in most cities. Murder rates increased 4x in 20 years. Sister Carrie (Theodore Dreiser) 6. Fire - lack of water meant _ires were impossible to put out. Poor building codes and unorganized _ire departments The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, March 25, 1911 146 Die in the fire
  29. 29. Triangle Shirtwaist Co Fire, 1911 March 1911 in NYC • Fire broke out 5 minutes 
 before end of day • About 600 girls 100 men in 
 building, about 146 dead • Only 1 _ire escape, cut off by 
 _ire • Most victims suffocated/ 
 burned • Hopeless girls jumped to 
 death onto sidewalk • Public outrage over locked 
 doors, lack of _ire escapes led to reforms in _ire codes The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, March 25, 1911 146 Die in the fire
  30. 30. Political Machines What do the new immigrants need? •jobs, $, housing, protection, etc. Who controls local politics? •Political Machines & Political Bosses: •They want: votes on election day, power, & in_luence •Corruption Relationship: •Political Machines and Bosses would provide money, protection, a pathway to citizenship, food, housing, entertainment (legal and illegal) in return for votes
  31. 31. Tweed Ring Scandal •William "Boss" Tweed - head of Tammany Hall (NY's political machine) - used his in_luence to charge 13 mil for a construction project that only cost 3 million to build •Tweed was also a major _igure in the Civil War draft riots, encouraging race tensions to build •Political machines used graft - which was using political in_luence for personal gain
  32. 32. Politics in the Gilded Age • At the peak of its power, Tammany Hall in NY sponsored (controlled) the mayor from 1871 to 1954 in NY • Political machines became associated with labor unions, the mob, and socialist leanings.
  33. 33. Attempts to Create Order and Tranquility • Cities grow in mixed use patterns to allow for neighborhood amenities to limit the strain on public transit. • Louis Sullivan - father of skyscrapers • "Form follows function" • High quality and low cost steel, plus a need for more of_ice and living space caused a construction boom.
  34. 34. Bethesda Terrace, 1902
  35. 35. 72nd st. Central Park, c. 1900
  36. 36. Attempts to Create Order and Tranquility • City Beautiful Movement - a result largely because of the success of the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago (World's Fair) • It involved the consideration of adding beauty and recreation (open space) to American cities. Previously - 'gardens' were reserved only for the wealthy but these were designed as public spaces.
  37. 37. Attempts to Create Order and Tranquility • Jane Addams - based in Chicago, she is the _irst to develop settlement houses. These were residences for single women who needed a safe place to live and learn basic employment skills. • Growth of soup kitchens and non-pro_its. • YMCA and YWCA formed • Salvation Army
  38. 38. Growth of Leisure Time and Mass Consumption • The Growth of the "white-collar" class led to changes in consumption. • Off the rack clothing • Mail order catalogs • Department stores • "Shopping" as an activity rather than a chore • Growth of consumption leads to marketing and advertising competition.
  39. 39. Growth of Leisure Time and Mass Consumption • Baseball - dates as far back as "four-cat" in the 1700s, it of_icial started a professional league in 1876. Both American and National Leagues formed/competed in a World Series in 1903. • Baseball was among the _irst spectator events that welcomed mass crowds. • Other events included: Coney Island, central park, movies !
  40. 40. Coney Island, c. 1900

America Past and Present Ap Edition Chapter 18

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/bwellington/ap-us-history-chapter-18